The activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased after 96-h exposure to TBTC, this accompanied by an increased malondialdehyde level. In this study, the results revealed its high bioaccumulation in the livers and significant alteration for development. The haarder was exposed to different doses (0, 10%, 20%, and 50% of LC 50-96 h) of TBTC. Yet the toxicity mechanism of TBTC on haarder remains unclear. Liza haematocheila is exposed to various chemical contaminants from anthropogenic sources, including tributyltin chloride (TBTC). BK20171274), and partially by the Major Projects of Natural Science Research for Universities and Colleges in Jiangsu Province (Grant No. Y119011F01), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. U160522666), the State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology (Grant No. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. MK361117), were sequenced from soiny mullet. MK361116), and SOCS9/SOCS5b (GenBank accession No. In the present study, ten SOCS genes, SOCS1 (GenBank accession No. The collected tissues were immediately Gene clone and sequence analysis of mullet SOCS Eight tissues including gills, skin, muscle, liver, spleen, head kidney (HK), intestine and brainfrom five healthy fish were collected under anesthesia with MS222 (0.1 g/L). Prior to the experiment, the fish were acclimatized for at least one week. Soiny mullet (with average weight of 8 ± 2 g) were purchased from a local fish farm in Yancheng (Jiangsu province, China) and maintained at 28 ± 2 ☌ in 300 L opaque polyethylene tanks in a recirculation system. Section snippets Fish and bacterial challenge The present work aimed to identify firstly the SOCS genes from fish species in Mugiliformes and determine their expression profiles after gram-positive bacterial infections by using the intraperitoneal injection with Streptococcus dysgalactiae. However, studies on its immune system are scarce, with limited immune genes identified. Soiny mullet ( Liza haematocheila) has become an economically important aquaculture mugilid species in China and other Asian countries. In salmon and miiuy croaker, infection of salmon alphavirus (SAV3) or stimulation leads to induction of SOCS1 expression respectively. Fish SOCS1-3 and CISH can be up-regulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bacterial infection. Teleost SOCSs can be induced by several stimuli, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), bacteria and viruses. These studies indicated that teleost SOCS genes have distinct roles in different tissues or cells. To date, several SOCS family members have been identified in 11 species of fish, including zebrafish ( Danio rerio), tetraodon ( Tetraodon nigroviridis), fugu ( Fugu rubripes), stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus), , ], rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss), nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus), channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus), atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar), and miiuy croaker ( Miichthy miiuy), tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis), Japanese flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus). In addition to acting as negative regulators of cytokine signaling, the SOCS molecules are also involved in other immune processes, such as directing macrophage polarization and mediating immunomodulation of natural killer cells. The SOCS box can bind to elongins B and C, leading to the proteasomal degradation. For example, the extended SH2 and KIR of SOCS1 bind to the activation and catalytic region of Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) 2 and inhibit its function. These domain structures are central for the functions of SOCS family members. Moreover, SOCS2 and CISH possess an N-terminal extended SH2 sub-domain (N-ESS) instead of KIR. In addition, SOCS1 and SOCS3 possess a kinaseinhibitory region (KIR), which is located at the upstream of SH2 domain. The N-terminal regions of SOCS proteins are variable in length, ranging from 50 to 380 amino acids. However, there are some structural differences between different members of SOCS family. Structurally, all SOCS family members contain a central SH2 domain and a conserved C-terminal SOCS box.
To date, eight members of SOCS family members have been identified in mammals, including SOCS1-7 and cytokine-inducible SH2 containing protein (CISH). The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family members are such negative regulators inhibitingactivation of cytokine receptor signaling. However, excessive cytokine signaling dis-regulates the normal homeostasis and cellular functions.
SOCSS 3 AND VD SERIES
Once cytokines bind to their receptors on the cell surface, a series of signal transduction pathways are activated to elicit downstream effects. Cytokines are pleiotropic molecules that have crucial roles in growth, development, differentiation and immune responses.
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